Intended audience for this beta

• Integrators: To evaluate the impact of the Mbed TLS split and API changes on your codebase.
• Early adopters: Anyone who wants to experiment with the upcoming interfaces and provide feedback before the formal release.

These betas are not production-ready. For deployments requiring stability and the latest security fixes, please continue using the LTS release Mbed TLS 3.6.4

Security Advisories

For full details, please see the following links:

• CTR_DRBG prioritized over HMAC_DRBG as the PSA DRBG
• Stack buffer overflow in ECDSA signature conversion functions
• Limited authentication bypass in TLS 1.3 optional client authentication
• Buffer underrun in pkwrite when writing an opaque key pair
• TLS clients should generally call mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname
• Potential authentication bypass in TLS handshake
• Misleading memory management in mbedtls_x509_string_to_names()
• NULL pointer dereference after using mbedtls_asn1_store_named_data()

Release Notes

API changes

• The experimental functions psa_generate_key_ext() and psa_key_derivation_output_key_ext() have been replaced by psa_generate_key_custom() and psa_key_derivation_output_key_custom(). They have almost exactly the same interface, but the variable-length data is passed in a separate parameter instead of a flexible array member. This resolves a build failure under C++ compilers that do not support flexible array members (a C99 feature not adopted by C++). Fixes #9020.
• Align the mbedtls_ssl_ticket_setup() function with the PSA Crypto API. Instead of taking a mbedtls_cipher_type_t as an argument, this function now takes 3 new arguments: a PSA algorithm, key type and key size, to specify the AEAD for ticket protection.
• The PSA and Mbed TLS error spaces are now unified. mbedtls_xxx() functions can now return PSA_ERROR_xxx values. There is no longer a distinction between "low-level" and "high-level" Mbed TLS error codes. This will not affect most applications since the error values are between -32767 and -1 as before.
• All API functions now use the PSA random generator psa_get_random() internally. As a consequence, functions no longer take RNG parameters. Please refer to the migration guide at : tf-psa-crypto/docs/4.0-migration-guide.md.

Default behavior changes

• In a PSA-client-only build (i.e. MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CLIENT && !MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C), do not automatically enable local crypto when the corresponding PSA mechanism is enabled, since the server provides the crypto. Fixes #9126.
• The PK, X.509, PKCS7 and TLS modules now always use the PSA subsystem to perform cryptographic operations, with a few exceptions documented in docs/architecture/psa-migration/psa-limitations.md. This corresponds to the behavior of Mbed TLS 3.x when MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO is enabled. In effect, MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO is now always enabled.
• psa_crypto_init() must be called before performing any cryptographic operation, including indirect requests such as parsing a key or certificate or starting a TLS handshake.
• The PSA_WANT_XXX symbols as defined in tf-psa-crypto/include/psa/crypto_config.h are now always used in the configuration of the cryptographic mechanisms exposed by the PSA API. This corresponds to the configuration behavior of Mbed TLS 3.x when MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CONFIG is enabled. In effect, MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CONFIG is now always enabled and the configuration option has been removed.
• In TLS clients, if mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname() has not been called, mbedtls_ssl_handshake() now fails with MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_WITHOUT_HOSTNAME if certificate-based authentication of the server is attempted. This is because authenticating a server without knowing what name to expect is usually insecure.

Removals

• Drop support for VIA Padlock. Removes MBEDTLS_PADLOCK_C. Fixes #5903.
• Drop support for crypto alt interface. Removes MBEDTLS_XXX_ALT options at the module and function level for crypto mechanisms only. The remaining alt interfaces for platform, threading and timing are unchanged. Fixes #8149.
• Remove support for the RSA-PSK key exchange in TLS 1.2.
• Remove deprecated mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_serial(). The function was already deprecated and superseeded by mbedtls_x509write_crt_set_serial_raw().
• Remove the function mbedtls_ssl_conf_curves() which had been deprecated in favour of mbedtls_ssl_conf_groups() since Mbed TLS 3.1.
• Remove support for the DHE-PSK key exchange in TLS 1.2.
• Remove support for the DHE-RSA key exchange in TLS 1.2.
• Following the removal of DHM module (#9972 and TF-PSA-Crypto#175) the following SSL functions are removed:
  • mbedtls_ssl_conf_dh_param_bin
  • mbedtls_ssl_conf_dh_param_ctx
  • mbedtls_ssl_conf_dhm_min_bitlen
• Remove support for the RSA key exchange in TLS 1.2.
• Remove mbedtls_low_level_sterr() and mbedtls_high_level_strerr(), since these concepts no longer exists. There is just mbedtls_strerror(). * Removal of the following sample programs: pkey/rsa_genkey.c pkey/pk_decrypt.c pkey/dh_genprime.c pkey/rsa_verify.c pkey/mpi_demo.c pkey/rsa_decrypt.c pkey/key_app.c pkey/dh_server.c pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c pkey/pk_encrypt.c pkey/rsa_sign.c pkey/key_app_writer.c pkey/dh_client.c pkey/ecdsa.c pkey/rsa_encrypt.c wince_main.c aes/crypt_and_hash.c random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c random/gen_entropy.c hash/md_hmac_demo.c hash/hello.c hash/generic_sum.c cipher/cipher_aead_demo.c
• Remove compat-2-x.h header from mbedtls.
• The library no longer offers interfaces to look up values by OID or OID by enum values. The header <mbedtls/oid.h> now only defines functions to convert between binary and dotted string OID representations, and macros for OID strings that are relevant to X.509. The compilation option MBEDTLS_OID_C no longer exists. OID tables are included in the build automatically as needed.

Features

• When the new compilation option MBEDTLS_PSA_KEY_STORE_DYNAMIC is enabled, the number of volatile PSA keys is virtually unlimited, at the expense of increased code size. This option is off by default, but enabled in the default mbedtls_config.h. Fixes #9216.
• Add a new psa_key_agreement() PSA API to perform key agreement and return an identifier for the newly created key.
• Added new configuration option MBEDTLS_PSA_STATIC_KEY_SLOTS, which uses static storage for keys, enabling malloc-less use of key slots. The size of each buffer is given by the option MBEDTLS_PSA_STATIC_KEY_SLOT_BUFFER_SIZE. By default it accommodates the largest PSA key enabled in the build.
• Add an interruptible version of key agreement to the PSA interface. See psa_key_agreement_iop_setup() and related functions.
• Add an interruptible version of generate key to the PSA interface. See psa_generate_key_iop_setup() and related functions.
• Add the function mbedtls_ssl_export_keying_material() which allows the client and server to extract additional shared symmetric keys from an SSL session, according to the TLS-Exporter specification in RFC 8446 and 5705. This requires MBEDTLS_SSL_KEYING_MATERIAL_EXPORT to be defined in mbedtls_config.h.

Security

• Unlike previously documented, enabling MBEDTLS_PSA_HMAC_DRBG_MD_TYPE does not cause the PSA subsystem to use HMAC_DRBG: it uses HMAC_DRBG only when MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_EXTERNAL_RNG and MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C are disabled. CVE-2024-45157
• Fix a stack buffer overflow in mbedtls_ecdsa_der_to_raw() and mbedtls_ecdsa_raw_to_der() when the bits parameter is larger than the largest supported curve. In some configurations with PSA disabled, all values of bits are affected. This never happens in internal library calls, but can affect applications that call these functions directly. CVE-2024-45158
• With TLS 1.3, when a server enables optional authentication of the client, if the client-provided certificate does not have appropriate values in keyUsage or extKeyUsage extensions, then the return value of mbedtls_ssl_get_verify_result() would incorrectly have the MBEDTLS_X509_BADCERT_KEY_USAGE and MBEDTLS_X509_BADCERT_EXT_KEY_USAGE bits clear. As a result, an attacker that had a certificate valid for uses other than TLS client authentication could be able to use it for TLS client authentication anyway. Only TLS 1.3 servers were affected, and only with optional authentication (required would abort the handshake with a fatal alert). CVE-2024-45159
• Fix a buffer underrun in mbedtls_pk_write_key_der() when called on an opaque key, MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO is enabled, and the output buffer is smaller than the actual output. Fix a related buffer underrun in mbedtls_pk_write_key_pem() when called on an opaque RSA key, MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO is enabled and MBEDTLS_MPI_MAX_SIZE is smaller than needed for a 4096-bit RSA key. CVE-2024-49195
• Note that TLS clients should generally call mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname() if they use certificate authentication (i.e. not pre-shared keys). Otherwise, in many scenarios, the server could be impersonated. The library will now prevent the handshake and return MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_WITHOUT_HOSTNAME if mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname() has not been called. Reported by Daniel Stenberg. CVE-2025-27809
• Fix a vulnerability in the TLS 1.2 handshake. If memory allocation failed or there was a cryptographic hardware failure when calculating the Finished message, it could be calculated incorrectly. This would break the security guarantees of the TLS handshake. CVE-2025-27810
• Fix possible use-after-free or double-free in code calling mbedtls_x509_string_to_names(). This was caused by the function calling mbedtls_asn1_free_named_data_list() on its head argument, while the documentation did no suggest it did, making it likely for callers relying on the documented behaviour to still hold pointers to memory blocks after they were free()d, resulting in high risk of use-after-free or double-free, with consequences ranging up to arbitrary code execution. In particular, the two sample programs x509/cert_write and x509/cert_req were affected (use-after-free if the san string contains more than one DN). Code that does not call mbedtls_string_to_names() directly is not affected. Found by Linh Le and Ngan Nguyen from Calif. CVE-2025-47917
• Fix a bug in mbedtls_x509_string_to_names() and the mbedtls_x509write_{crt,csr}set{subject,issuer}_name() functions, where some inputs would cause an inconsistent state to be reached, causing a NULL dereference either in the function itself, or in subsequent users of the output structure, such as mbedtls_x509_write_names(). This only affects applications that create (as opposed to consume) X.509 certificates, CSRs or CRLs. Found by Linh Le and Ngan Nguyen from Calif. CVE-2025-48965

Bugfix

• Fix TLS 1.3 client build and runtime when support for session tickets is disabled (MBEDTLS_SSL_SESSION_TICKETS configuration option). Fixes #6395.
• Fix compilation error when memcpy() is a function-like macros. Fixes #8994.
• MBEDTLS_ASN1_PARSE_C and MBEDTLS_ASN1_WRITE_C are now automatically enabled as soon as MBEDTLS_RSA_C is enabled. Fixes #9041.
• Fix undefined behaviour (incrementing a NULL pointer by zero length) when passing in zero length additional data to multipart AEAD.
• Fix rare concurrent access bug where attempting to operate on a non-existent key while concurrently creating a new key could potentially corrupt the key store.
• Fix error handling when creating a key in a dynamic secure element (feature enabled by MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_SE_C). In a low memory condition, the creation could return PSA_SUCCESS but using or destroying the key would not work. Fixes #8537.
• Fix issue of redefinition warning messages for _GNU_SOURCE in entropy_poll.c and sha_256.c. There was a build warning during building for linux platform. Resolves #9026
• Fix a compilation warning in pk.c when PSA is enabled and RSA is disabled.
• Fix the build when MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CONFIG is enabled and the built-in CMAC is enabled, but no built-in unauthenticated cipher is enabled. Fixes #9209.
• Fix redefinition warnings when SECP192R1 and/or SECP192K1 are disabled. Fixes #9029.
• Fix psa_cipher_decrypt() with CCM* rejecting messages less than 3 bytes long. Credit to Cryptofuzz. Fixes #9314.
• Fix interference between PSA volatile keys and built-in keys when MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_BUILTIN_KEYS is enabled and MBEDTLS_PSA_KEY_SLOT_COUNT is more than 4096.
• Document and enforce the limitation of mbedtls_psa_register_se_key() to persistent keys. Resolves #9253.
• Fix Clang compilation error when MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO is enabled but MBEDTLS_DHM_C is disabled. Reported by Michael Schuster in #9188.
• Fix server mode only build when MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C is enabled but MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C is disabled. Reported by M-Bab on GitHub in #9186.
• When MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_C was disabled and MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C enabled, some code was defining 0-size arrays, resulting in compilation errors. Fixed by disabling the offending code in configurations without PSA Crypto, where it never worked. Fixes #9311.
• Fixes an issue where some TLS 1.2 clients could not connect to an Mbed TLS 3.6.0 server, due to incorrect handling of legacy_compression_methods in the ClientHello. fixes #8995, #9243.
• Fix a memory leak that could occur when failing to process an RSA key through some PSA functions due to low memory conditions.
• Fixed a regression introduced in 3.6.0 where the CA callback set with mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_cb() would stop working when connections were upgraded to TLS 1.3. Fixed by adding support for the CA callback with TLS 1.3.
• Fixed a regression introduced in 3.6.0 where clients that relied on optional/none authentication mode, by calling mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode() with MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_OPTIONAL or MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_NONE, would stop working when connections were upgraded to TLS 1.3. Fixed by adding support for optional/none with TLS 1.3 as well. Note that the TLS 1.3 standard makes server authentication mandatory; users are advised not to use authmode none, and to carefully check the results when using optional mode.
• Fixed a regression introduced in 3.6.0 where context-specific certificate verify callbacks, set with mbedtls_ssl_set_verify() as opposed to mbedtls_ssl_conf_verify(), would stop working when connections were upgraded to TLS 1.3. Fixed by adding support for context-specific verify callback in TLS 1.3.
• Fix unintended performance regression when using short RSA public keys. Fixes #9232.
• When MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS1_3_COMPATIBILITY_MODE is disabled, work with peers that have middlebox compatibility enabled, as long as no problematic middlebox is in the way. Fixes #9551.
• Fix invalid JSON schemas for driver descriptions used by generate_driver_wrappers.py.
• Use 'mbedtls_net_close' instead of 'close' in 'mbedtls_net_bind' and 'mbedtls_net_connect' to prevent possible double close fd problems. Fixes #9711.
• Fix undefined behavior in some cases when mbedtls_psa_raw_to_der() or mbedtls_psa_der_to_raw() is called with bits=0.
• Fix compilation on MS-DOS DJGPP. Fixes #9813.
• Fix missing constraints on the AES-NI inline assembly which is used on GCC-like compilers when building AES for generic x86_64 targets. This may have resulted in incorrect code with some compilers, depending on optimizations. Fixes #9819.
• Support re-assembly of fragmented handshake messages in TLS (both 1.2 and 1.3). The lack of support was causing handshake failures with some servers, especially with TLS 1.3 in practice. There are a few limitations, notably a fragmented ClientHello is only supported when TLS 1.3 support is enabled. See the documentation of mbedtls_ssl_handshake() for details.
• Fix definition of MBEDTLS_PRINTF_SIZET to prevent runtime crashes that occurred whenever SSL debugging was enabled on a copy of Mbed TLS built with Visual Studio 2013 or MinGW. Fixes #10017.
• Silence spurious -Wunterminated-string-initialization warnings introduced by GCC 15. Fixes #9944.

Changes

• Warn if mbedtls/check_config.h is included manually, as this can lead to spurious errors. Error if a adjust.h header is included manually, as this can lead to silently inconsistent configurations, potentially resulting in buffer overflows. When migrating from Mbed TLS 2.x, if you had a custom config.h that included check_config.h, remove this inclusion from the Mbed TLS 3.x configuration file (renamed to mbedtls_config.h). This change was made in Mbed TLS 3.0, but was not announced in a changelog entry at the time.
• Functions regarding numeric string conversions for OIDs have been moved from the OID module and now reside in X.509 module. This helps to reduce the code size as these functions are not commonly used outside of X.509.
• Improve performance of PSA key generation with ECC keys: it no longer computes the public key (which was immediately discarded). Fixes #9732.
• Cryptography and platform configuration options have been migrated from the Mbed TLS library configuration file mbedtls_config.h to crypto_config.h that will become the TF-PSA-Crypto configuration file, see config-split.md for more information. The reference and test custom configuration files respectively in configs/ and tests/configs/ have been updated accordingly. To migrate custom Mbed TLS configurations where MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CONFIG is disabled, you should first adapt them to the PSA configuration scheme based on PSA_WANT_XXX symbols (see psa-conditional-inclusion-c.md for more information). To migrate custom Mbed TLS configurations where MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CONFIG is enabled, you should migrate the cryptographic and platform configuration options from mbedtls_config.h to crypto_config.h (see config-split.md for more information and configs/ for examples).
• Move the crypto part of the library (content of tf-psa-crypto directory) from the Mbed TLS to the TF-PSA-Crypto repository. The crypto code and tests development will now occur in TF-PSA-Crypto, which Mbed TLS references as a Git submodule.
• The function mbedtls_x509_string_to_names() now requires its head argument to point to NULL on entry. This makes it likely that existing risky uses of this function (see the entry in the Security section) will be detected and fixed.

Note

:grey_exclamation: mbedtls-4.0.0-beta.tar.bz2 are our official release files. source.tar.gz and source.zip are automatically generated snapshot's that github is generating. They do not include external dependencies, and can't be configured

Checksum

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